Typical progressive borborygmi heard every 3 to 4 minutes on both sides of the abdomen indicate normal motility of the cecum and ascending colon. Auscultation over a similar area on the left side allows evaluation of the pelvic flexure and ascending colon. 1Īuscultation over the right flank and proceeding along the caudal edge of the costal margin toward the xiphoid allows evaluation of the cecal borborygmi. Inter- and intrahaustral mixing contractions produce nonspecific sounds of fluid and ingesta movement that are difficult to distinguish from other borborygmi, such as small intestinal contractions or spasmodic contractions. The distinction of propulsion from retropulsion is not important clinically because both types of contractions signify normal motility. Retropulsive sounds presumably are similar to propulsive sounds, but they occur less frequently. Propulsive contractions of the cecum and ventral colon occur every 3 to 4 minutes and give rise to prolonged rushing sounds heard over long segments of intestine. The distinct character of the borborygmi produced during propulsive contractions of the cecum and ascending colon allow evaluation of the frequency and strength of retropulsion and propulsion. Progressive motility of the small intestine, conversely, is difficult to distinguish by auscultation from nonprogressive motility. One can perform abdominal palpation in neonatal foals after several weeks of age, however, the abdominal wall is too rigid to allow effective palpation of intraabdominal structures.Ībdominal auscultation is particularly useful for assessing the motility of the large intestine. Abdominal distention often indicates distention of the large intestine however, small intestinal distention also can cause visible abdominal distention if a large proportion of the small intestine is involved. One performs the physical examination of the abdomen primarily by auscultation, transabdominal ballottement, and transrectal palpation. Chapter 13.7 covers clinical signs of systemic inflammation from endotoxemia and sepsis. Examination of the cardiovascular system (heart, peripheral pulse, and mucous membranes), lungs, and abdomen is essential to detect clinical signs of systemic inflammation from endotoxemia, coagulation disorders, dehydration, ileus, shock, and other abnormalities resulting from injury to the small or large intestine. Examination of patients with disease of the gastrointestinal tract must include evaluation of the metabolic and cardio vascular status of the patient, because acute conditions of the proximal or distal intestinal tract have the potential to lead to endotoxemia and sepsis.
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